ExamplesMeep Examples

Polarization Grating

Simulate liquid crystal polarization gratings with twisted nematic layers

Polarization Grating Simulation

This example simulates polarization gratings based on twisted nematic liquid crystals, computing diffraction efficiency for both uniaxial and bilayer configurations.

Overview

Polarization gratings are used for:

  • Beam steering: Non-mechanical deflection
  • Holography: Polarization-based recording
  • Displays: High-efficiency light modulation
  • Spectroscopy: Polarization-sensitive measurements

Parameters

ParameterValueDescription
resolution50Pixels per μm
n_01.55Ordinary index
delta_n0.159Birefringence
wvl0.54 μmWavelength (green)
gp6.5Grating period

Physical Setup

Two configurations are compared:

Uniaxial Grating

  • Single twisted layer
  • Phase delay: Δnd/λ
  • 0th and ±1st orders

Bilayer Twisted Grating

  • Two oppositely-twisted layers
  • Enhanced first-order diffraction
  • Reduced zeroth-order

The liquid crystal director rotates spatially, creating a periodic phase modulation that diffracts light into multiple orders.

Anisotropic Material

The permittivity tensor is position-dependent:

def lc_mat(p):
    # Rotation matrix for director angle φ(p)
    Rx = rotation_matrix(phi(p))
    # Rotate diagonal permittivity tensor
    lc_epsilon = Rx @ epsilon_diag @ Rx.T
    return mp.Medium(
        epsilon_diag=diag_elements,
        epsilon_offdiag=offdiag_elements
    )

Analytic Comparison

For the uniaxial grating:

  • η₀ = cos²(πΔnd/λ)
  • η₁ = sin²(πΔnd/λ)

These match the FDTD results for small angles.

Results

The simulation produces:

  • Diffraction efficiency vs phase delay
  • Comparison with analytic formulas
  • Angular distribution of diffracted orders

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